- In 1 921, archaeologists found out that it was the ancient city of India.
- Harappa in Sindhi means ‘Buried City’.
- This civilization flourished in India about 4700 years ago.
The Great Bath:
- The most important structure found in the citadel was the Great Bath.
- There were steps on both the sides of the pool
- There were rooms on all the sides of the pool for changing clothes.
- Fed by water from a well and the dirty water was emptied by a huge drain.
Buildings:
- Houses were built in grid system
- Houses which had two rooms
- Multi-storeyed houses, public hall, granary and public buildings built out of bricks.
- No windows in the houses.
- They had a well and a bathroom.
- There were dustbins in front of the houses
Town Planning:
- The northern part of the town was narrow and elevated.
- The excavators considered that those were constructed on the security basis.
- The eastern side was broad and lowered
Applied Science
- The science and technology such as construction
- Selections of lands
- Measurement of plots
- Foundation, selection of quality building materials & Geometrical figures were in use
Drainage system:
- The drains from the houses were covered.
- They ran along the sides of the streets which were connected to the street drains.
- They had manholes at regular intervals for cleaning
Administration:
- The public drainage system
- The Great Bath
- The public hall
- The street lights
- The provisions of dustbins show that the administrative system was well organized.
Handicrafts:
- There would have been workers like
- Document writers,
- Seal maker
- Carpenters
- Doll makers
- Masons and other artisans
- Dolls made out of terracotta
- They used copper and bronze to make weapons
- Weights were made out of a kind of stone.
Terracotta seals:
- Hundreds of rectangular seals were discovered here
- Pictographic writings were written on them
- The script had not been deciphered yet.
- Bulls, cart, dove, boats and a figure of a human meditating are seen
Script:
- Terracotta planks discovered here were engraved with letters
- They were pictographic writing.
- These writings are related to the ancient Tamil writings.
Occupation:
- Agriculturists
- Artisans
- Traders
- Traders
- Potters
- Blacksmiths
Agriculture was their main occupation, they cultivated wheat and barley, stored the surplus grains in the granary
Dress
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People wore cotton and woollen dresses
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Men wore a garment similar to the ‘dhoti
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Shawl as upper garment
Ornaments
To make ornaments they used
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Gold
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Silver
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Ivory
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Precious stones
ArtÂ
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Experts in making pots out of terracotta
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The figures of birds, animals, images of male and female,
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The figures of birds, animals, images of male and female,
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Pots and bowls were discovered
Sculpture
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The statue of a dancing girl made out of bronze found in Mohenjo-Daro
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Statue of a man with beard made out of limestone are examples of the excellent sculptures
Religion
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The articles excavated in Mohenjo-Daro tell us about their religious Practices
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They worshipped Lord Shiva represented as Pasupath
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Mother Goddess, Lingam, Trident and trees.
Causes for the decline of the towns:
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Wooden articles would have got destroyed by fire
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Rivalry because of the civil war
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Natural calamities and the change in the course of River Indus would have buried things.
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The Aryans would have destroyed these towns in order to succeed
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The heap of bones discovered in Mohenjo-Daro is evidence of the invasion of the foreigners