Arab and Turkish invasion
- Prophet Muhammad was the founder of Islam(570-632 A.D)
- Islam grew up in the deserts of Arabia.
- Its first converts were the Arabs.
- Arab conquest of Sind and Multan 712 A.D.
- Commercial contacts prevailed between India and Arabia for a long time.
- The Arabs were attracted by the rich ports of Sind
- They wanted to extend their political and religious control over it.
- They were angry with the ruler of Sind who failed to check the pirates who plundered them
Muhammad-bin-Qasim
- Sent by Al-Hajjajj the Governor of Iraq
- With the permission of Caliph Walid to conquer Sind
- He marched against Dahir the ruler of Sind
- Defeated him in the Battle of Rewar and captured Sind
- He also captured Multan.
- He got so much of wealth from Multan that he called Multan – ‘The City of Gold’.
Administrative System
- Muhammad-bin-Qasim divided Sind and Multan into the number of Iqtas or districts
- Arab military officers were appointed as heads of the Iqtas.
- Local Hindu officers were allowed to administer the sub¬ divisions of the districts.
- The Arabs imposed Jizya on non- Muslims.
- Muhammad-bin-Qasim had an army of 25,000 troops including 6000 Syrian horses, 6000 Camels, 3000 Bactrian Camels
- An artillery force of 2000 men with five catapults and advanced guards.
End of Muhammad-bin-Qasim
- Caliph Sulaiman, succeeded Caliph Walid after his death.
- He was an arch enemy of Al-Hajjaj, the Governor of Iraq.
- He dismissed Muharrimad-bin Qasim as he was the son-in-law of Al-Hajjaj.
- He sent him as a prisoner to Mesopotamia and tortured him to death.
- Sind and Multan remained as part of the Caliph’s empire for more than 150 years.
Effects of Arab Conquest
- The conquest of Sind sowed the seeds for the coming of Islam into India.
- The Arabs learnt the art of administration, astronomy, music, painting, medicine and architecture from our land.
- Indian Philosophy, numerals and astronomy were taken to Europe by the Arabs.
Turkish Invasion
- The Expansion of Turks into India
- The Turks got the upper hand over the Caliphs of Baghdad in the 8th and 9th centuries
- They completed the work begun by the Arabs and extended their dominion beyond Sind and Multan into India.
Heroic Defence of Women
Rani Bai
- The wife of Dahir and the other women of Sind put up a heroic defence within the Fort of Rewar.
- When their attempt failed they performed Jauhar to save their chastity and escape from the hands of the invaders.
Brahma Siddhanta
A Sanskrit work of Brahma Gupta was translated into Arabic. Arabic works mention the names of Indian scientists like Bhala, Manaka and Sindbad. Dhana was appointed as a chief Medical officer in a hospital at Baghdad
Manaka, a physician cured a serious disease of Caliph Harun-al-Rashid.
Mahmud of Ghazni
- He invaded India in 1000 A.D
- He was the first Turkish invader
- Mahmud defeated Jaipala,
- The ruler of the Hindu Shahi dynasty
- Fateh Daud of Multan and Anandpala of Nagarkot
- He also crushed the Chandelas. The rulers of Mathura, Kanauj and Gwalior.
- Returned to Ghazni with enormous wealth
- Mahmud’s important expedition in Hindustan was against the Somnath temple in 1025 A.D.
- This was situated on the coast of Kathiawar
- As the ruler of Kathiawar, Raja Bhima Dev, and his followers fled from the place,
Estimate of Mahmud of Ghazni
- Mahmud of Ghazni was one of the greatest Muslim rulers of Asia.
- He was a great patron of art and letters and he patronised scholars like Firdausi and Alberuni
End of Ghazni’s rule in India
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By 1186 A.D. the power of the House of Ghazni declined and that of Ghori rose up.
Muhammad of Ghori
- Muhammad was the third important Muslim invader of Hindustan.
- He became the ruler of Ghori
His invasions
- As an ambitious and enterprising ruler
- Started his attacks on India in 1176 A.D
First Battle of Tarain (1191A.D.)
- In 1189 A.D. Muhammad of Ghori captured the fortress of Bhatinda and advanced into the kingdom of Prithviraj Chauhan
- Prithviraj marched against him with a large force and defeated Muhammad of Ghori in the Battle of Tarain in 1191 A.D
- Prithviraj also recovered Bhatinda, which was earlier occupied by Mahmud of Ghazni
Second Battle of Tarain (11 92 A.D.)
- He gave a crushing defeat to the combined forces of the Rajput rulers under Prithviraj at Tarain.
- Prithviraj was imprisoned and later put to death
- The Second Battle of Tarain marked the beginning of the Turkish rule in the heart of Hindustan for the first time in Indian history
- Muhammad of Ghori appointed Qutb-ud-din Aibak as his commander.
Rajput Uprisings
- Between 1193 and 1198 A.D. there were many Rajput uprisings
- Qutb-ud-din Aibak put them down and brought many of their territories under his control
- Delhi was made the capital of Muhammad of Ghori’s territory in India.
Battle of Chandwar (1194 A.D.)
- Muhammad of Ghori marched against Jaichandra, the greatest Rajput ruler of Kanauj
- Jaichand was struck in the eye by an arrow and he was killed by Muhammad of Ghori
Conquest of Bengal and Bihar
- Muhammad-bin-Baktiyar Khilji, one of the commanders of Muhammad of Ghori
- Destroyed Vikramasila and Nalanda Universities in 1202-1203A.D
Death of Muhammad of Ghori
- Muhammad of Ghori went back to Ghazrii in order to check his Central Asian enemies.
- While he was engaged in evening prayer, he was assassinated on 25th March 1206A.D. by some Shia rebels and Khokhars
- Muhammad of Ghori was considered to be the real founder of the Turkish Empire in India because of his various conquests and annexations of the Rajput territory in North India