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The Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) found that fossil fuel importing countries paid more than 330 billion dollars in additional costs in the six months since the Strait of Hormuz crisis began on 28 February 2026. India was the second largest payer among the 170 countries analysed, incurring an additional 22.5 billion dollars in fossil fuel import costs between March and August 2026, behind China's 35.5 billion dollars and ahead of the United States' 16.5 billion dollars. Crude oil accounted for 164 billion dollars of the additional cost with prices averaging 35 per cent above pre war expectations, while diesel and gasoil prices rose 59 per cent, gasoline 43 per cent and liquefied natural gas 60 to 75 per cent depending on the market. CREA noted that low and lower middle income countries paid an additional 1 per cent of their 2024 GDP on higher fossil fuel costs, more than twice the 0.45 per cent burden faced by high income countries.