When those responsible for administering a policy in the public interest are unduly influenced by the very industry they are meant to regulate, sound intentions dissolve into poor implementation. Political interference in bureaucratic appointments compounds this by weakening the technical, non-partisan expertise inside these agencies. Combined with a culture of institutional secrecy that resists third-party scrutiny, decisions favouring narrow interests over public welfare persist by default rather than active choice.

According to the passage, which of the following factors have led to adverse regulatory outcomes?

1. Regulatory capture by the regulated industry.

2. Political interference weakening technical expertise.

3. A culture of institutional secrecy resisting scrutiny.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.