Many religious traditions frame human relationships in terms of duties owed to others rather than rights held against them. Modern rights-based frameworks reverse this emphasis, prioritising individual entitlements. A just social order may need both registers held together, since duties without correlative rights risk enabling exploitation, while rights asserted without a sense of duty risk atomising the community that sustains them.

With reference to the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:

1. Duty-based and rights-based frameworks can be complementary rather than mutually exclusive.

2. Modern rights-based frameworks have made duty-based ethics entirely obsolete.

Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?