Universal access to quality education means far more than every child having a seat in a classroom. It requires trained and motivated teachers, a curriculum that develops genuine understanding rather than rote memorisation, safe and adequately resourced school infrastructure, and a system of regular, meaningful assessment that identifies and responds to learning gaps before they widen. Without all of these functioning together, mere enrolment numbers can mask a crisis of actual learning.

With reference to the above passage, which of the following is/are of paramount importance for achieving universal access to quality education?

1. Trained and motivated teachers.

2. A curriculum that builds genuine understanding rather than rote memorisation.

3. Regular, meaningful assessment that responds to learning gaps.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.