Universal access to quality education means far more than every child having a seat in a classroom. It requires trained and motivated teachers, a curriculum that develops genuine understanding rather than rote memorisation, safe and adequately resourced school infrastructure, and a system of regular, meaningful assessment that identifies and responds to learning gaps before they widen. Without all of these functioning together, mere enrolment numbers can mask a crisis of actual learning.

As per the passage, which of the following is critical to bringing genuine quality into education, beyond mere enrolment?