Read the following passage and answer the item that follows. Your answer to this item should be based on the passage only.

"Authority exercised without the willing cooperation of those it governs is authority resting on sand; it may stand for a season, but the first real storm reveals what it was built on."

With reference to the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:

1. Willing cooperation is what gives an authority lasting stability.

2. Authority can never be exercised in the complete absence of any cooperation at all.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.