Read the following passage and answer the item that follows. Your answer to this item should be based on the passage only.

Households in the city were asked to keep wet and dry waste apart, and many of them did. The collection vehicle that arrived each morning then tipped both bins into the same compartment, and by the time the load reached the processing site it was one indistinguishable mass again. Residents who had sorted carefully for months stopped bothering, and the municipality read the falling compliance as proof that people could not be persuaded to change their habits. Wards that bought vehicles with separate compartments, and that published what happened to each stream after collection, report compliance holding steady well past the first year.

Based on the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:

1. Households alone are responsible for the failure of waste segregation in the city.

2. Wards that invested in separate collection arrangements have seen no improvement in compliance.

Which of the assumptions given above is/are valid?