Read the following passage and answer the item that follows. Your answer to this item should be based on the passage only.

An outsider who spends a season in a village learns things that no questionnaire will yield. The first answers given to a stranger are the answers people think a stranger wants, and it takes months of ordinary presence before the qualifications and the exceptions come out. What is gained is not merely more information but a different sense of which questions were worth asking. Those who plan programmes for such places, and who rarely have such a season to spare, would do well to read the people who have had one.

With reference to the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:

1. Extended presence can change how an outsider understands a community.

2. Understanding gained in this way is of use to those who design programmes for the community.

3. A researcher with long field experience can resolve disputes within the community.

Which of the assumptions given above are valid?