Read the following passage and answer the item that follows. Your answer to this item should be based on the passage only.

All weather rural roads have changed what a small farmer can do with a harvest. A village connected to a market town can send perishables out on the day they are picked, and traders come to the village rather than waiting for the produce to reach them. Studies across several states report higher farm gate prices in connected villages than in unconnected ones nearby, alongside gains from irrigation, better seed and wider access to price information. Roads are one strand in that bundle, and separating their contribution from the rest is difficult.

Based on the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:

1. Rural roads are solely responsible for the rise in farm incomes.

2. Farmers in villages without road connectivity obtain better prices than those in connected villages.

Which of the assumptions given above is/are valid?