Read the following passage and answer the item that follows. Your answer to this item should be based on the passage only.

Students told that a paper will be open book often relax, and are surprised by the result. Having the text to hand removes only the part of the work that recall was doing; it leaves untouched the part that requires knowing where a thing is, why it matters here and not there, and how to bring two passages into contact under time pressure. A candidate who has not read closely enough to carry a map of the material in his head spends the hour turning pages. The papers that reward preparation least are, in practice, the ones that permit the book.

Based on the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:

1. An open-book examination requires no preparation from the student.

2. Memory plays no part in answering an open-book paper.

Which of the assumptions given above is/are valid?