Read the following passage and answer the item that follows. Your answer to this item should be based on the passage only.

A mangrove belt is usually valued for the wave energy it absorbs before a storm surge reaches the shore. That is the least of it. The tangle of prop roots is where the juveniles of a large share of the coastal catch spend their first months, safe from the larger fish that cannot follow them in, and the litter shed by the trees feeds the food web those juveniles depend on. When a belt is cleared for ponds or embankments, the catch offshore falls some seasons later, and the connection is rarely made because the two events are separated by both distance and time.

Based on the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:

1. Mangroves influence the productivity of fisheries beyond the belt itself.

2. Clearing mangroves can have consequences that are not obvious at the time of clearing.

Which of the assumptions given above is/are valid?