Constitution
17 notes tagged Constitution.
- Polity
Fundamental Rights: Articles 12 to 35
Every Fundamental Right in Part III, article by article: equality, the six freedoms, exploitation, religion, minorities, and Article 32's real role.
- Polity
Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)
Every DPSP article from 38 to 51, the Gandhian/socialist/liberal classification, the 42nd, 86th and 97th Amendment additions, and the case law since.
- Polity
Concept of the Constitution: Meaning, Classification and Constitutionalism
What a constitution actually is as a category of document, how constitutions are classified, why having one is not the same as constitutionalism, and the classical four elements of a state.
- Polity
Governor of a State: Powers and Discretion
Appointment under Articles 153-158, the full spread of executive, legislative and financial powers, discretionary powers including appointing a Chief Minister in a hung Assembly, the Sarkaria and Punchhi Commissions on reforming the office, the 2025 Supreme Court dispute over a Governor withholding assent to Bills, and the Article 361 immunities.
- Polity
The President: Election, Powers and Pardoning
How the President is elected (electoral college, vote-value formula), the qualifications and Article 71 election disputes, the wide spread of executive, legislative and financial powers, the pardoning power under Article 72 versus a Governor's narrower Article 161 power, ordinance-making under Article 123 (with the D.C. Wadhwa case), and impeachment under Article 61.
- Polity
Parliament in Practice: How a Bill Becomes Law
How the two Houses are composed, the Speaker's election and money-bill power, sessions and prorogation, the Budget's path through Parliament, the Tenth Schedule, Question Hour versus Zero Hour, the key motions, privileges and the Leader of the Opposition.
- Polity
The Preamble and Making of India's Constitution
The Constituent Assembly's key figures, the Objectives Resolution, what each word in the Preamble means, and why Kesavananda overturned Berubari on it.
- Polity
Salient Features of the Indian Constitution
Why India's Constitution is the world's lengthiest, what it actually borrowed from other countries, and why Ambedkar called it federal in form but unitary in spirit.
- Polity
Amendment of the Constitution: Article 368
How a Constitution Amendment Bill becomes law: who can introduce it, the exact majorities needed, and why the President has no choice but to assent.
- Polity
State Council of Ministers: Appointment and Size
Article 163 and 164 in full: how a Chief Minister is appointed, the 91st Amendment's size cap, the anti-defection link, and how a ministry falls.
- Polity
State Legislature: Assembly and Council
The exact fractions behind Article 171's Legislative Council, the real six-state bicameral list, and why a Council can be overridden unlike the Rajya Sabha.
- Polity
Fundamental Duties: Article 51A, Explained
Article 51A's full history and exact text, the Swaran Singh and Justice Verma Committees, and why non-justiciable duties still carry real legal weight.
- Polity
Central Council of Ministers: Article 74-78
Article 74's history on binding presidential advice, Article 75's size cap, Article 78's three PM duties, and how Cabinet and Council genuinely differ.
- Polity
Vice-President: Articles 63-71
Election by Parliament alone (not state legislators), removal from the Rajya Sabha alone by an effective majority, and every point where the office differs from the President's.
- Polity
Prime Minister: Appointment, NITI Aayog, and the Kitchen Cabinet
What is genuinely specific to the office beyond Article 75's bare appointment clause: hung-Lok-Sabha convention, NITI Aayog chairmanship, why the whole Council falls with the PM, and the Kitchen Cabinet.
- Polity
High Court: Appointment, Transfer, and Article 226
Articles 214 to 231 in full: the two-route qualification with no distinguished-jurist option, judge transfer under Article 222, and why Article 226 is wider than Article 32.
- Polity
Chief Minister: NITI Aayog, Zonal Councils, and Key Appointments
What is genuinely specific to the office beyond Article 164's appointment machinery: NITI Aayog Governing Council membership, Zonal Council vice-chairmanship, and advisory roles the bare text doesn't spell out.